Comparison of the carbon nanofiber-/fiber and silicone-based electrodes for bioimpedance measurements

Electrodes for bioimpedance measurements remain a challenge. In practice, commercially available nonpolarizable silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) gel electrodes prove to be the best option for bioimpedance-based testing. The hydrogel layer reduces the problematic electrode-skin interface impedance, which results in a highly reliable signal. Our workgroup is developing a wearable device that estimates aortic blood pressure from the bioimpedance taken from the wrist area. Understandably, wet electrodes do not suit for a wearable, and there is a need for dry, soft, reusable, and stable electrodes. This study proposes stretchable carbon nanofiber/carbon fiber silicone electrodes as an alternative for cardiac signal measurements with bioimpedance.